Stainless Steel, Austenitic
316Ti Stainless Steel (S31635) Sheet
A chromium-nickel-molybdenum-titanium austenitic stainless steel.
Grade 316 is an austenitic grade second only to 304 in commercial importance. 316 stainless steel contains an addition of molybdenum that gives it improved corrosion resistance. This is particularly apparent for pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments.
For elevated temperature applications the stabilised grade 316Ti stainless steel should be employed.
Stainless steel grade 316Ti contains a small amount of titanium. Titanium content is typically only around 0.5%. The titanium atoms stabilise the structure of the 316 at temperatures over 800°C. This prevents carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries and protects the metal from corrosion. The main advantage of 316Ti is that it can be held at higher temperatures for a longer period without sensitisation (precipitation) occurring. 316Ti retains physical and mechanical properties similar to standard grades of 316.
DOWNLOAD PDF
Range
PLEASE NOTE
If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your local service centre with your specific requirements.
Related Specifications
Stainless steel grade 1.4571/316Ti also corresponds to the following designations but may not be a direct equivalent:
- 06Cr17Ni12Mo2Ti
- SUS316Ti
- S31635
- X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2
- 1.4571
- 320S31
- 08Х17Н13М2Т
Properties
Chemical Composition
316Ti Stainless Steel Steel
EN10088-3
| Chemical Element | % Present |
| Carbon (C) | 0.00 - 0.08 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 16.50 - 18.50 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 2.00 - 2.50 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Phosphorous (P) | 0.00 - 0.05 |
| Sulphur (S) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| Nickel (Ni) | 10.50 - 13.50 |
| Titanium (Ti) | 0.40 - 0.70 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.00 - 2.00 |
| Iron (Fe) | Balance |
Mechanical Properties
Bar Up to 160mm Diameter
EN10088-3
| Mechanical Property | Value |
| Proof Stress | 200 Min MPa |
| Tensile Strength | 500 to 700 MPa |
| Elongation A50 mm | 40 Min % |
| Hardness Brinell | 215 Max HB |
General Physical Properties
| Physical Property | Value |
| Density | 8.0 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 1400 °C |
| Thermal Expansion | 15.9 x 10-6/K |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 193 GPa |
| Thermal Conductivity | 16.3 W/m.K |
| Electrical Resistivity | 0.74 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel with excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. The addition of titanium improves intergranular corrosion resistance, making it suitable for welded and high-temperature applications.
1. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Storage tanks, reactors, and piping for corrosive chemicals
Heat exchangers and condensers operating under high-temperature conditions
Components in oxidizing and mildly reducing chemical environments
2. Power Generation and High-Temperature Equipment
Boiler and furnace components
Heat exchangers, superheaters, and chimneys
Equipment exposed to temperatures up to ~925°C (1700°F) intermittently
3. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing
Vessels and piping exposed to corrosive liquids and cleaning chemicals
Components requiring hygienic surfaces and high corrosion resistance
Equipment that undergoes frequent welding or assembly
4. Marine and Offshore Applications
Equipment and structures exposed to seawater and coastal atmospheres
Pump shafts, valves, and fittings in marine environments
5. Aerospace and Automotive Applications
Exhaust systems and turbocharger components
High-temperature, welded components where corrosion and thermal resistance are critical
6. Comparison to 316/316L
Titanium stabilization prevents sensitization during welding, unlike standard 316 or 316L
Suitable for high-temperature welded assemblies
Maintains mechanical properties and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures
Summary
316Ti stainless steel is widely used in chemical, marine, pharmaceutical, food-processing, and high-temperature industrial applications due to its excellent corrosion resistance, titanium stabilization, and thermal stability. Its ability to resist intergranular corrosion in welded assemblies makes it a reliable choice for demanding environments.
Characteristics of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel that combines the corrosion resistance of 316 stainless steel with enhanced intergranular corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. The addition of titanium makes it particularly suitable for welded components and high-temperature service.
1. Corrosion Resistance
Excellent resistance to oxidation and general corrosion in mildly corrosive environments.
Titanium stabilization prevents chromium carbide precipitation, minimizing the risk of intergranular corrosion in welded areas.
Performs well in industrial, chemical, and marine environments.
2. High-Temperature Performance
Maintains mechanical strength and dimensional stability at elevated temperatures.
Suitable for continuous service up to ~925°C (1700°F) intermittently, depending on the environment.
Resistant to oxidation and scaling in high-temperature applications.
3. Mechanical Properties
Excellent tensile strength, ductility, and toughness in both annealed and welded conditions.
Can be cold-worked or hot-worked to adjust strength and hardness.
Titanium addition ensures mechanical properties are maintained during welding and high-temperature exposure.
4. Fabrication and Weldability
Good formability and workability using conventional cold and hot working processes.
Weldable with TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding methods.
Titanium stabilization eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
5. Applications Leveraging Characteristics
Chemical processing equipment (reactors, heat exchangers, piping)
High-temperature boiler, furnace, and superheater components
Marine and offshore equipment exposed to corrosive atmospheres
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Aerospace and automotive high-temperature welded components
Summary
316Ti stainless steel combines excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature stability, and titanium stabilization to prevent sensitization in welded or high-temperature applications. Its properties make it ideal for chemical, marine, high-temperature industrial, and food-processing applications where reliability and durability are critical.
Additional Information
Weldability
Weldability of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel with excellent weldability. The titanium addition prevents chromium carbide precipitation, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and heat-affected zones.
1. Suitable Welding Processes
TIG (GTAW): Ideal for thin sections and precise welds
MIG (GMAW): Suitable for thicker sections and industrial applications
SMAW (Stick Welding): Commonly used for field and maintenance welding
Resistance Welding: Spot and seam welding for sheet metal components
2. Titanium Stabilization Benefits
Titanium binds with carbon, preventing chromium carbide formation in the heat-affected zone.
Reduces the risk of intergranular corrosion after welding.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
3. Filler Material Recommendations
Use ER316Ti or ER316L filler wire for matching composition and corrosion resistance.
Ensure compatible filler material when welding dissimilar austenitic stainless steels.
4. Heat Input and Distortion Control
Austenitic stainless steels have high thermal expansion, which may cause distortion.
Use moderate heat input and proper welding sequencing to minimize warping.
Tack welds can help maintain dimensional accuracy.
5. Applications Leveraging Weldability
Chemical processing equipment and piping
Heat exchangers, superheaters, and high-temperature boilers
Marine and offshore components
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Summary
316Ti stainless steel exhibits excellent weldability, with titanium stabilization preventing intergranular corrosion in welded zones. It is ideal for high-temperature, chemical, marine, and food-processing applications where welded assemblies require durability and corrosion resistance.
Fabrication
Fabrication of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel that combines excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, and good formability. Its fabrication properties make it suitable for cold and hot working, machining, and welding while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
1. Forming
Cold Forming:
Suitable for bending, rolling, deep drawing, and stamping
Work-hardens moderately; intermediate solution annealing may be needed for extensive deformation
Hot Forming:
Recommended for complex or thick components at 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Produces uniform mechanical properties and reduces work-hardening
2. Cutting and Shearing
Can be cut using laser, plasma, waterjet, or mechanical methods
Sharp tools and proper feeds minimize work hardening and surface roughness
3. Machining
Moderate machinability due to toughness and work-hardening tendency
Carbide tools preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty operations
Coolants and lubricants are essential to reduce heat and improve surface finish
4. Welding
Excellent weldability with TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding
Titanium stabilization prevents intergranular corrosion in heat-affected zones
Matching filler metals (ER316Ti) ensure optimal corrosion resistance
5. Cold and Hot Working
Cold working increases strength through work hardening
Hot working produces uniform ductility and mechanical properties, ideal for thick or complex components
6. Surface Finishing
Available in 2B, BA, and polished finishes
Cold-working may require additional polishing or pickling for aesthetic or corrosion-sensitive applications
7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication
Chemical and petrochemical equipment, reactors, and piping
High-temperature boiler and furnace components
Marine and offshore structures
Aerospace and automotive components
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Summary
316Ti stainless steel is highly versatile for fabrication, offering excellent cold and hot formability, machining, and welding. Titanium stabilization ensures corrosion resistance is preserved throughout fabrication, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, marine, and high-temperature applications.
Hot Working
Hot Working of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel with excellent hot workability, allowing it to be forged, rolled, or formed at elevated temperatures while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature
Typical range: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Exceeding this range may cause grain growth, reducing toughness
Working below this range increases flow stress and the risk of cracking
2. Suitable Hot Working Processes
Hot Rolling: Plates, sheets, and structural components
Hot Forging: High-strength or complex-shaped parts
Hot Extrusion: Rods, tubes, and profiles
Hot Pressing/Forming: Thick or large components difficult to cold-work
3. Advantages of Hot Working
Reduces work hardening compared to cold working
Improves ductility and toughness
Produces uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Enables fabrication of large or complex components
4. Post-Hot Working Treatments
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility
Pickling or passivation can enhance surface corrosion resistance
5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working
Industrial machinery components
Chemical and petrochemical high-temperature equipment
Furnace, boiler, and heat exchanger components
Structural parts requiring elevated-temperature shaping
Summary
316Ti stainless steel demonstrates excellent hot workability, allowing components to be formed or forged at 1010–1175°C. Hot working improves ductility, toughness, and uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it suitable for chemical, high-temperature, industrial, and structural applications.
Heat Resistance
Heat Resistance of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel designed for high-temperature applications. Titanium stabilization prevents chromium carbide precipitation, ensuring corrosion resistance and mechanical stability at elevated temperatures.
1. Continuous Service Temperature
Suitable for continuous service up to ~925°C (1700°F) in oxidizing atmospheres
Maintains mechanical strength, dimensional stability, and corrosion resistance in this range
Prolonged exposure above this temperature may slightly reduce ductility or cause surface scaling
2. Intermittent Exposure
Can tolerate intermittent heating above 925°C without significant surface degradation
Ideal for components exposed to thermal cycling
3. Oxidation Resistance
Forms a protective chromium oxide layer that resists oxidation and scaling
Performs well in industrial furnaces, boilers, and heat exchangers
Not recommended for strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing environments at extreme temperatures
4. Thermal Effects on Mechanical Properties
Retains tensile strength and ductility at moderate high temperatures
Cold-worked areas may lose some work-hardening benefits after prolonged heat exposure
Grain growth may occur if exposed to excessive heat without proper solution annealing
5. Applications Leveraging Heat Resistance
High-temperature chemical processing equipment
Furnace, boiler, and superheater components
Heat exchangers and exhaust systems in industrial and aerospace applications
Marine and offshore components exposed to elevated temperatures
Summary
316Ti stainless steel exhibits excellent high-temperature performance, with continuous service up to ~925°C. Titanium stabilization ensures mechanical properties and corrosion resistance are preserved in welded or high-temperature applications, making it ideal for chemical, industrial, marine, and aerospace environments.
Machinability
Machinability of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel with moderate machinability. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require special attention to tooling, cutting speeds, and lubrication to achieve high-quality machining results.
1. Work-Hardening Behavior
316Ti stainless steel work-hardens quickly during machining.
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear.
Continuous, smooth cutting minimizes localized work hardening.
2. Tooling Recommendations
Carbide tools are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining.
High-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used at lower speeds for lighter operations.
Tools with positive rake angles reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish.
3. Cutting Speeds and Feeds
Slower cutting speeds compared with carbon steels are recommended.
Moderate to heavy feeds ensure continuous chip flow and prevent hard spots.
Avoid stopping or dwelling on the workpiece to prevent local work-hardening.
4. Cooling and Lubrication
Low thermal conductivity causes heat buildup at the cutting zone.
Use flood coolant or cutting fluids to reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.
High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently.
5. Chip Formation
Chips are tough, stringy, and sticky, requiring chip breakers or controlled feeds to manage.
6. Surface Finish
High-quality surface finish can be achieved with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling.
Work-hardened areas may require finishing passes.
Summary
316Ti stainless steel has moderate machinability, requiring careful tool selection, cutting parameters, and cooling. When properly managed, it can be machined with high precision and excellent surface finish, making it suitable for chemical, high-temperature, marine, aerospace, and food-processing applications.
Corrosion Resistance
Corrosion Resistance of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel with excellent corrosion resistance, particularly in welded and high-temperature applications. Titanium addition prevents chromium carbide precipitation, reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion.
1. General Corrosion Resistance
Highly resistant to oxidation and general corrosion in atmospheric and mildly corrosive environments.
Suitable for chemical, industrial, marine, and food-processing applications.
Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or thermal exposure.
2. Intergranular Corrosion Resistance
Titanium binds with carbon, preventing chromium carbide formation along grain boundaries.
Minimizes sensitization in the heat-affected zone during welding.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
3. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Performs moderately well in chloride-containing environments.
More resistant than 304/304L stainless steel but slightly less resistant than 316/317 in severe chloride conditions.
Suitable for marine, coastal, and mildly corrosive chemical applications.
4. High-Temperature Corrosion
Maintains corrosion resistance during continuous service up to ~925°C (1700°F) intermittently.
Resistant to oxidation and scaling in hot, oxidizing atmospheres.
Not suitable for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at extreme temperatures.
5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance
Chemical processing equipment (reactors, piping, heat exchangers)
Marine and offshore structures
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Aerospace and automotive high-temperature components
Boiler, furnace, and heat exchanger parts
Summary
316Ti stainless steel provides excellent general and intergranular corrosion resistance, especially in welded and high-temperature environments. Titanium stabilization ensures durability and reliability in chemical, marine, industrial, and food-processing applications, making it a robust choice for demanding conditions.
Heat Treatment
Heat Treatment of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel that is not hardenable by heat treatment. Heat treatment is primarily used to relieve stresses, restore ductility, and maintain corrosion resistance, rather than to increase hardness.
1. Solution Annealing
Purpose:
Restore ductility after cold working or forming
Relieve residual stresses
Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides that may form if exposed to improper temperatures
Temperature Range: 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F)
Cooling: Rapid air or water quench to preserve austenitic structure
Effect:
Restores mechanical properties to annealed condition
Preserves corrosion resistance due to titanium stabilization
2. Stress Relief
Purpose: Reduce residual stresses from forming, bending, or welding
Temperature Range: 450–650°C (840–1200°F)
Effect: Minimizes distortion and reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties
3. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Generally not required because titanium stabilization prevents sensitization
Stress relief annealing may be applied for dimension-sensitive or high-temperature welded assemblies
4. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations
Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility
Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication steps
5. Limitations
Heat treatment does not significantly increase hardness
Prolonged exposure above ~500°C may reduce cold work strengthening effects slightly
Summary
Heat treatment of 316Ti stainless steel is mainly for stress relief, ductility restoration, and preservation of corrosion resistance. Solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 316Ti ideal for welded, cold-worked, and high-temperature applications.
Cold Working
Cold Working of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel with excellent cold-working properties. Cold working improves strength and hardness through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.
1. Work-Hardening Behavior
316Ti stainless steel work-hardens moderately to rapidly during cold deformation.
Strength and hardness increase, while ductility decreases as deformation progresses.
Extensive cold working may require solution annealing to restore ductility for further fabrication.
2. Common Cold Working Processes
Rolling: Sheets, strips, and plates
Drawing: Tubes, rods, and wires
Bending and Forming: Structural components, brackets, and clips
Stamping and Deep Drawing: Industrial and food-processing parts
3. Mechanical Property Control
Cold working allows adjustment of tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness.
Solution annealing can be used if ductility needs to be restored for further forming.
4. Effect on Corrosion Resistance
Titanium stabilization prevents chromium carbide precipitation, maintaining corrosion resistance after cold work.
Resistant to intergranular corrosion in welded or heavily worked areas.
5. Post-Forming Considerations
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.
Cold working may induce slight magnetism due to minor martensitic transformation, usually negligible.
6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work
Springs, clips, and fasteners
Structural components requiring higher strength
Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical and food-processing equipment
Formed components requiring both corrosion resistance and strength
Summary
316Ti stainless steel exhibits excellent cold-working characteristics, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components for industrial, chemical, food-processing, marine, and structural applications.
